![]() During the Exclusion Crisis, King Charles II strongly opposed any such idea.įollowing the Glorious Revolution, Parliament enacted the Act of Succession, whose effect was to disinherit the Stuarts and replace them by the Hanoverians, whose dynastic claim was far more remote. Parliament also confirmed depositions during the Wars of the Roses, as well as Henry VIII's settlements of the crown. Richard was childless, and the Earl of March, the next in line to the throne, was a young child at the time, so Parliament bypassed him in favour of Henry, who had led a revolt against Richard. Henry IV of England was chosen by Parliament in 1399 to replace Richard II. In 14th, 15th, late 17th and early 18th century England, the evolving relations between the Crown and Parliament resulted in a monarchy with both hereditary and quasi-elective elements – at least as between various contenders with some dynastic claim for the throne. This affirmed the principle of elective monarchy. John of England was chosen as King of England by a council of nobles and royal advisors at the death of his brother, Richard I, in 1199 because the heir by strict primogeniture, Arthur of Brittany, was a child at that time. Britain Ī system of elective monarchy existed in Anglo-Saxon England (see Witenagemot). In order to bypass the prohibition on heredity and ensure dynastic continuity, many reigning Byzantine emperors had their heirs crowned co-emperor so that the throne could not be considered vacant at their own death and thus the need for succession by election would not arise. And whilst the later, more overtly authoritarian Dominate period further stripped the republican veneer from the constitution, Emperors succeeded by a mixture of proclamation by the Legions or Senate as much as by blood (though sons did succeed fathers). Īccordingly, heredity never was, and could never be, formally established in law. Claudius, the fourth Emperor, in particular stands out, being "elected" to office once the Praetorian Guard had made it clear he was their candidate. For instance, whilst the first five Emperors were all descended from Julius Caesar, in each case their position was proclaimed, not inherited as of right. The office of Roman and Byzantine emperor remained vaguely elective (albeit with the election procedure never strictly defined, but generally understood to be a matter for the Senate). Over time the principle weakened as republican government passed into distant history, and the Empire became functionally an absolute monarchy. The illusion of being elected from the Senate continued when Tiberius succeeded to the purple. "majestic") he described himself as princeps senatus, or merely "first among senators". Whilst given many titles (including "Augustus", i.e. This was particularly the case for Augustus, the first Emperor, who established the Principate. During the Principate (27 BCE to 284 CE), which was the foundational stage of Roman imperialism, Roman monarchs would often take care to disguise their de facto position with the de jure apparatus of republicanism. In practice, however, Imperial Rome was a monarchy. Once the Roman kings were overthrown, there remained an absolute prohibition for royal establishment in the Roman constitution, a prohibition which formally remained in place during imperial times, both classical Roman and Byzantine. In the ancient Roman Kingdom the kings were elected by the Roman assemblies. ![]() Military service often was linked with citizenship among the male members of the royal house. The kings of Macedon and of Epirus were elected by the army, which was similar in composition to the Ecclesia of the Demos, the assembly of all free Athenian citizens. Historical examples Europe Ancient Greece Today, almost all monarchies are hereditary monarchies in which the monarchs come from one royal family with the office of sovereign being passed from one family member to another upon the death or abdication of the incumbent. Eventually, however, most elected monarchies introduced hereditary succession, guaranteeing that the title and office stayed within the royal family and specifying, more or less precisely, the order of succession. Many kingdoms were officially elective historically, though the candidates were typically only from the family of the deceased monarch. Historically, it was common for elective monarchies to transform into hereditary ones over time or for hereditary ones to acquire at least occasional elective aspects. The manner of election, the nature of candidate qualifications, and the electors vary from case to case. An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by a monarch who is elected, in contrast to a hereditary monarchy in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance.
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